您的第一笔交易

本教程详细介绍了如何生成、提交和验证提交到 Aptos 区块链的交易。 步骤如下：

• 创建一个帐户的表达形式

• 围绕 REST 接口准备一个包装类

• 在 Faucet 接口周围准备一个包装类

• 将它们组合成一个应用程序，执行并验证

请从下面的代码仓库中 clone 最新代码！

以下是示例代码，可以从 github 下载：

Python

对于本教程，将重点关注 first_transaction.py。

可以在这里找到代码

Rust

Typescript

Step 1) 创建一个账户的表达形式​

每个 Aptos 帐户都有一个唯一的帐户地址。 该帐户的所有者拥有映射到 Aptos 帐户地址的公钥、私钥对，以及存储在该帐户中的身份验证密钥。 在帐户基础中可以查看更多信息。 以下片段演示了该部分中描述的内容。

Python

class Account:
    """Represents an account as well as the private, public key-pair for the Aptos blockchain."""

    def __init__(self, seed: bytes = None) -> None:
        if seed is None:
            self.signing_key = SigningKey.generate()
        else:
            self.signing_key = SigningKey(seed)

    def address(self) -> str:
        """Returns the address associated with the given account"""

        return self.auth_key()

    def auth_key(self) -> str:
        """Returns the auth_key for the associated account"""

        hasher = hashlib.sha3_256()
        hasher.update(self.signing_key.verify_key.encode() + b'\x00')
        return hasher.hexdigest()

    def pub_key(self) -> str:
        """Returns the public key for the associated account"""

        return self.signing_key.verify_key.encode().hex()

Rust

Typescript

Step 2) REST 接口

Aptos 公开了一个用于与区块链交互的 REST 接口。 虽然可以直接读取来自 REST 接口的数据，但以下代码片段演示了一种更优雅的方法。下一组代码片段演示了如何使用 REST 接口从 FullNode 检索分类帐数据，包括帐户和帐户资源数据。它还演示了如何使用 REST 接口来构建由 JSON 格式表示的签名交易。​

Python

class RestClient:
    """A wrapper around the Aptos-core Rest API"""

    def __init__(self, url: str) -> None:
        self.url = url

Rust

Typescript

Step 2.1) 读取账户​

以下是用于查询帐户数据的包装类。​

Python

    def account(self, account_address: str) -> Dict[str, str]:
        """Returns the sequence number and authentication key for an account"""

        response = requests.get(f"{self.url}/accounts/{account_address}")
        assert response.status_code == 200, f"{response.text} - {account_address}"
        return response.json()

    def account_resources(self, account_address: str) -> Dict[str, Any]:
        """Returns all resources associated with the account"""

        response = requests.get(f"{self.url}/accounts/{account_address}/resources")
        assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
        return response.json()

Rust

Typescript

Step 2.2) 提交一笔交易​

下面演示了构建、签名和等待交易的核心功能。​

Python

    def generate_transaction(self, sender: str, payload: Dict[str, Any]) -> Dict[str, Any]:
        """Generates a transaction request that can be submitted to produce a raw transaction that
        can be signed, which upon being signed can be submitted to the blockchain. """

        account_res = self.account(sender)
        seq_num = int(account_res["sequence_number"])
        txn_request = {
            "sender": f"0x{sender}",
            "sequence_number": str(seq_num),
            "max_gas_amount": "1000",
            "gas_unit_price": "1",
            "gas_currency_code": "XUS",
            "expiration_timestamp_secs": str(int(time.time()) + 600),
            "payload": payload,
        }
        return txn_request

    def sign_transaction(self, account_from: Account, txn_request: Dict[str, Any]) -> Dict[str, Any]:
        """Converts a transaction request produced by `generate_transaction` into a properly signed
        transaction, which can then be submitted to the blockchain."""

        res = requests.post(f"{self.url}/transactions/signing_message", json=txn_request)
        assert res.status_code == 200, res.text
        to_sign = bytes.fromhex(res.json()["message"][2:])
        signature = account_from.signing_key.sign(to_sign).signature
        txn_request["signature"] = {
            "type": "ed25519_signature",
            "public_key": f"0x{account_from.pub_key()}",
            "signature": f"0x{signature.hex()}",
        }
        return txn_request

    def submit_transaction(self, txn: Dict[str, Any]) -> Dict[str, Any]:
        """Submits a signed transaction to the blockchain."""

        headers = {'Content-Type': 'application/json'}
        response = requests.post(f"{self.url}/transactions", headers=headers, json=txn)
        assert response.status_code == 202, f"{response.text} - {txn}"
        return response.json()

    def transaction_pending(self, txn_hash: str) -> bool:
        response = requests.get(f"{self.url}/transactions/{txn_hash}")
        if response.status_code == 404:
            return True
        assert response.status_code == 200, f"{response.text} - {txn_hash}"
        return response.json()["type"] == "pending_transaction"

    def wait_for_transaction(self, txn_hash: str) -> None:
        """Waits up to 10 seconds for a transaction to move past pending state."""

        count = 0
        while self.transaction_pending(txn_hash):
            assert count < 10, f"transaction {txn_hash} timed out"
            time.sleep(1)
            count += 1
        /// Generates a transaction request that can be submitted to produce a raw transaction that can be signed, which upon being signed can be submitted to the blockchain.
    pub fn generate_transaction(
        &self,
        sender: &str,
        payload: serde_json::Value,
    ) -> serde_json::Value {
        let account_res = self.account(sender);

        let seq_num = account_res
            .get("sequence_number")
            .unwrap()
            .as_str()
            .unwrap()
            .parse::<u64>()
            .unwrap();

        // Unix timestamp, in seconds + 10 minutes
        let expiration_time_secs = SystemTime::now()
            .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
            .expect("Time went backwards")
            .as_secs()
            + 600;

        serde_json::json!({
            "sender": format!("0x{}", sender),
            "sequence_number": seq_num.to_string(),
            "max_gas_amount": "1000",
            "gas_unit_price": "1",
            "gas_currency_code": "XUS",
            "expiration_timestamp_secs": expiration_time_secs.to_string(),
            "payload": payload,
        })
    }

    /// Converts a transaction request produced by `generate_transaction` into a properly signed transaction, which can then be submitted to the blockchain.
    pub fn sign_transaction(
        &self,
        account_from: &mut Account,
        mut txn_request: serde_json::Value,
    ) -> serde_json::Value {
        let res = reqwest::blocking::Client::new()
            .post(format!("{}/transactions/signing_message", self.url))
            .body(txn_request.to_string())
            .send()
            .unwrap();

        if res.status() != 200 {
            assert_eq!(
                res.status(),
                200,
                "{} - {}",
                res.text().unwrap_or("".to_string()),
                txn_request.as_str().unwrap_or(""),
            );
        }
        let body: serde_json::Value = res.json().unwrap();
        let to_sign_hex = Box::new(body.get("message").unwrap().as_str()).unwrap();
        let to_sign = hex::decode(&to_sign_hex[2..]).unwrap();
        let signature: String = ExpandedSecretKey::from(&account_from.signing_key)
            .sign(&to_sign, &PublicKey::from(&account_from.signing_key))
            .encode_hex();

        let signature_payload = serde_json::json!({
            "type": "ed25519_signature",
            "public_key": format!("0x{}", account_from.pub_key()),
            "signature": format!("0x{}", signature),
        });
        txn_request
            .as_object_mut()
            .unwrap()
            .insert("signature".to_string(), signature_payload);
        txn_request
    }

    /// Submits a signed transaction to the blockchain.
    pub fn submit_transaction(&self, txn_request: &serde_json::Value) -> serde_json::Value {
        let res = reqwest::blocking::Client::new()
            .post(format!("{}/transactions", self.url))
            .body(txn_request.to_string())
            .header("Content-Type", "application/json")
            .send()
            .unwrap();

        if res.status() != 202 {
            assert_eq!(
                res.status(),
                202,
                "{} - {}",
                res.text().unwrap_or("".to_string()),
                txn_request.as_str().unwrap_or(""),
            );
        }
        res.json().unwrap()
    }

    pub fn transaction_pending(&self, transaction_hash: &str) -> bool {
        let res = reqwest::blocking::get(format!("{}/transactions/{}", self.url, transaction_hash))
            .unwrap();

        if res.status() == 404 {
            return true;
        }

        if res.status() != 200 {
            assert_eq!(
                res.status(),
                200,
                "{} - {}",
                res.text().unwrap_or("".to_string()),
                transaction_hash,
            );
        }

        res.json::<serde_json::Value>()
            .unwrap()
            .get("type")
            .unwrap()
            .as_str()
            .unwrap()
            == "pending_transaction"
    }

    /// Waits up to 10 seconds for a transaction to move past pending state.
    pub fn wait_for_transaction(&self, txn_hash: &str) {
        let mut count = 0;
        while self.transaction_pending(txn_hash) {
            assert!(count < 10, "transaction {} timed out", txn_hash);
            thread::sleep(Duration::from_secs(1));
            count += 1;
        }
    }
    

Rust

Typescript

Step 2.3) 编写特定的逻辑​

下面演示如何从区块链读取数据以及如何写入数据，例如提交特定交易。​

Python

    def account_balance(self, account_address: str) -> Optional[int]:
        """Returns the test coin balance associated with the account"""

        resources = self.account_resources(account_address)
        for resource in resources:
            if resource["type"] == "0x1::TestCoin::Balance":
                return int(resource["data"]["coin"]["value"])
        return None

    def transfer(self, account_from: Account, recipient: str, amount: int) -> str:
        """Transfer a given coin amount from a given Account to the recipient's account address.
        Returns the sequence number of the transaction used to transfer."""

        payload = {
            "type": "script_function_payload",
            "function": "0x1::TestCoin::transfer",
            "type_arguments": [],
            "arguments": [
                f"0x{recipient}",
                str(amount),
            ]
        }
        txn_request = self.generate_transaction(account_from.address(), payload)
        signed_txn = self.sign_transaction(account_from, txn_request)
        res = self.submit_transaction(signed_txn)
        return str(res["hash"])
    

Rust

Typescript

Step 3) Faucet 接口​

区块链水龙头为账户提供一定数量的代币，这些代币可用于支付 gas fees 或在用户之间代币转账。如果帐户尚不存在，Aptos 水龙头还可以创建一个帐户。Aptos 水龙头接口需要一个以十六进制编码字符串表示的公钥。​

Python

class FaucetClient:
    """Faucet creates and funds accounts. This is a thin wrapper around that."""

    def __init__(self, url: str, rest_client: RestClient) -> None:
        self.url = url
        self.rest_client = rest_client

    def fund_account(self, pub_key: str, amount: int) -> None:
        """This creates an account if it does not exist and mints the specified amount of
        coins into that account."""

        txns = requests.post(f"{self.url}/mint?amount={amount}&pub_key={pub_key}")
        assert txns.status_code == 200, txns.text
        for txn_hash in txns.json():
            self.rest_client.wait_for_transaction(txn_hash)
    

Rust

Typescript

Step 4) 执行应用程序并验证​​

Python

if __name__ == "__main__":
    rest_client = RestClient(TESTNET_URL)
    faucet_client = FaucetClient(FAUCET_URL, rest_client)

    # Create two accounts, Alice and Bob, and fund Alice but not Bob
    alice = Account()
    bob = Account()

    print("\n=== Addresses ===")
    print(f"Alice: {alice.address()}")
    print(f"Bob: {bob.address()}")

    faucet_client.fund_account(alice.pub_key(), 1_000_000)
    faucet_client.fund_account(bob.pub_key(), 0)

    print("\n=== Initial Balances ===")
    print(f"Alice: {rest_client.account_balance(alice.address())}")
    print(f"Bob: {rest_client.account_balance(bob.address())}")

    # Have Alice give Bob 10 coins
    tx_hash = rest_client.transfer(alice, bob.address(), 1_000)
    rest_client.wait_for_transaction(tx_hash)

    print("\n=== Final Balances ===")
    print(f"Alice: {rest_client.account_balance(alice.address())}")
    print(f"Bob: {rest_client.account_balance(bob.address())}")

Rust

Typescript

执行后的结果输出:

=== Addresses ===
Alice: e26d69b8d3ff12874358da6a4082a2ac
Bob: c8585f009c8a90f22c6b603f28b9ed8c

=== Initial Balances ===
Alice: 1000000000
Bob: 0

=== Final Balances ===
Alice: 999998957
Bob: 1000

结果显示 Bob 从 Alice 那里收到了 1000 个硬币。 Alice 支付了 43 个硬币来支付 gas。 可以通过访问 REST 接口或区块浏览器来验证数据：

• Alice 的账户：REST 接口

• Bob 的账户：区块浏览器

提醒：

devnet 会被定期重置，因此上面的链接可能无法正常查询。你可以自己尝试教程，然后在区块浏览器中查看他们的帐户。