您的第一笔交易
本教程详细介绍了如何生成、提交和验证提交到 Aptos 区块链的交易。 步骤如下：
- 创建一个帐户的表达形式
- 围绕 REST 接口准备一个包装类
- 在 Faucet 接口周围准备一个包装类
- 将它们组合成一个应用程序，执行并验证
请从下面的代码仓库中 clone 最新代码！
以下是示例代码，可以从 github 下载：
每个 Aptos 帐户都有一个唯一的帐户地址。 该帐户的所有者拥有映射到 Aptos 帐户地址的公钥、私钥对，以及存储在该帐户中的身份验证密钥。 在帐户基础中可以查看更多信息。 以下片段演示了该部分中描述的内容。
Python
Rust
Typescript
class Account:
"""Represents an account as well as the private, public key-pair for the Aptos blockchain."""
def __init__(self, seed: bytes = None) -> None:
if seed is None:
self.signing_key = SigningKey.generate()
else:
self.signing_key = SigningKey(seed)
def address(self) -> str:
"""Returns the address associated with the given account"""
return self.auth_key()
def auth_key(self) -> str:
"""Returns the auth_key for the associated account"""
hasher = hashlib.sha3_256()
hasher.update(self.signing_key.verify_key.encode() + b'\x00')
return hasher.hexdigest()
def pub_key(self) -> str:
"""Returns the public key for the associated account"""
return self.signing_key.verify_key.encode().hex()
pub struct Account {
signing_key: SecretKey,
}
impl Account {
/// Represents an account as well as the private, public key-pair for the Aptos blockchain.
pub fn new(priv_key_bytes: Option<Vec<u8>>) -> Self {
let signing_key = match priv_key_bytes {
Some(key) => SecretKey::from_bytes(&key).unwrap(),
None => SecretKey::generate(&mut rand::rngs::StdRng::from_seed(OsRng.gen())),
};
Account { signing_key }
}
/// Returns the address associated with the given account
pub fn address(&self) -> String {
self.auth_key()
}
/// Returns the auth_key for the associated account
pub fn auth_key(&self) -> String {
let mut sha3 = Sha3::v256();
sha3.update(PublicKey::from(&self.signing_key).as_bytes());
sha3.update(&vec![0u8]);
let mut output = [0u8; 32];
sha3.finalize(&mut output);
hex::encode(output)
}
/// Returns the public key for the associated account
pub fn pub_key(&self) -> String {
hex::encode(PublicKey::from(&self.signing_key).as_bytes())
}
}
/** A subset of the fields of a TransactionRequest, for this tutorial */
export type TxnRequest = Record<string, any> & { sequence_number: string };
/** Represents an account as well as the private, public key-pair for the Aptos blockchain */
export class Account {
signingKey: Nacl.SignKeyPair;
constructor(seed?: Uint8Array | undefined) {
if (seed) {
this.signingKey = Nacl.sign.keyPair.fromSeed(seed);
} else {
this.signingKey = Nacl.sign.keyPair();
}
}
/** Returns the address associated with the given account */
address(): string {
return this.authKey();
}
/** Returns the authKey for the associated account */
authKey(): string {
let hash = SHA3.sha3_256.create();
hash.update(Buffer.from(this.signingKey.publicKey));
hash.update("\x00");
return hash.hex();
}
/** Returns the public key for the associated account */
pubKey(): string {
return Buffer.from(this.signingKey.publicKey).toString("hex");
}
}
Python
Rust
Typescript
class RestClient:
"""A wrapper around the Aptos-core Rest API"""
def __init__(self, url: str) -> None:
self.url = url
#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct RestClient {
url: String,
}
impl RestClient {
/// A wrapper around the Aptos-core Rest API
pub fn new(url: String) -> Self {
Self { url }
}
/** A wrapper around the Aptos-core Rest API */
export class RestClient {
url: string;
constructor(url: string) {
this.url = url;
}
Python
Rust
Typescript
def account(self, account_address: str) -> Dict[str, str]:
"""Returns the sequence number and authentication key for an account"""
response = requests.get(f"{self.url}/accounts/{account_address}")
assert response.status_code == 200, f"{response.text} - {account_address}"
return response.json()
def account_resources(self, account_address: str) -> Dict[str, Any]:
"""Returns all resources associated with the account"""
response = requests.get(f"{self.url}/accounts/{account_address}/resources")
assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
return response.json()
/// Returns the sequence number and authentication key for an account
pub fn account(&self, account_address: &str) -> serde_json::Value {
let res =
reqwest::blocking::get(format!("{}/accounts/{}", self.url, account_address)).unwrap();
if res.status() != 200 {
assert_eq!(
res.status(),
200,
"{} - {}",
res.text().unwrap_or("".to_string()),
account_address,
);
}
res.json().unwrap()
}
/// Returns all resources associated with the account
pub fn account_resources(&self, account_address: &str) -> serde_json::Value {
let res = reqwest::blocking::get(format!(
"{}/accounts/{}/resources",
self.url, account_address
))
.unwrap();
if res.status() != 200 {
assert_eq!(
res.status(),
200,
"{} - {}",
res.text().unwrap_or("".to_string()),
account_address,
);
}
res.json().unwrap()
}
/** Returns the sequence number and authentication key for an account */
async account(accountAddress: string): Promise<Record<string, string> & { sequence_number: string }> {
const response = await fetch(`${this.url}/accounts/${accountAddress}`, {method: "GET"});
if (response.status != 200) {
assert(response.status == 200, await response.text());
}
return await response.json();
}
/** Returns all resources associated with the account */
async accountResources(accountAddress: string): Promise<Record<string, any> & { type: string }> {
const response = await fetch(`${this.url}/accounts/${accountAddress}/resources`, {method: "GET"});
if (response.status != 200) {
assert(response.status == 200, await response.text());
}
return await response.json();
}
Python
Rust
Typescript
def generate_transaction(self, sender: str, payload: Dict[str, Any]) -> Dict[str, Any]:
"""Generates a transaction request that can be submitted to produce a raw transaction that
can be signed, which upon being signed can be submitted to the blockchain. """
account_res = self.account(sender)
seq_num = int(account_res["sequence_number"])
txn_request = {
"sender": f"0x{sender}",
"sequence_number": str(seq_num),
"max_gas_amount": "1000",
"gas_unit_price": "1",
"gas_currency_code": "XUS",
"expiration_timestamp_secs": str(int(time.time()) + 600),
"payload": payload,
}
return txn_request
def sign_transaction(self, account_from: Account, txn_request: Dict[str, Any]) -> Dict[str, Any]:
"""Converts a transaction request produced by `generate_transaction` into a properly signed
transaction, which can then be submitted to the blockchain."""
res = requests.post(f"{self.url}/transactions/signing_message", json=txn_request)
assert res.status_code == 200, res.text
to_sign = bytes.fromhex(res.json()["message"][2:])
signature = account_from.signing_key.sign(to_sign).signature
txn_request["signature"] = {
"type": "ed25519_signature",
"public_key": f"0x{account_from.pub_key()}",
"signature": f"0x{signature.hex()}",
}
return txn_request
def submit_transaction(self, txn: Dict[str, Any]) -> Dict[str, Any]:
"""Submits a signed transaction to the blockchain."""
headers = {'Content-Type': 'application/json'}
response = requests.post(f"{self.url}/transactions", headers=headers, json=txn)
assert response.status_code == 202, f"{response.text} - {txn}"
return response.json()
def transaction_pending(self, txn_hash: str) -> bool:
response = requests.get(f"{self.url}/transactions/{txn_hash}")
if response.status_code == 404:
return True
assert response.status_code == 200, f"{response.text} - {txn_hash}"
return response.json()["type"] == "pending_transaction"
def wait_for_transaction(self, txn_hash: str) -> None:
"""Waits up to 10 seconds for a transaction to move past pending state."""
count = 0
while self.transaction_pending(txn_hash):
assert count < 10, f"transaction {txn_hash} timed out"
time.sleep(1)
count += 1
/// Generates a transaction request that can be submitted to produce a raw transaction that can be signed, which upon being signed can be submitted to the blockchain.
pub fn generate_transaction(
&self,
sender: &str,
payload: serde_json::Value,
) -> serde_json::Value {
let account_res = self.account(sender);
let seq_num = account_res
.get("sequence_number")
.unwrap()
.as_str()
.unwrap()
.parse::<u64>()
.unwrap();
// Unix timestamp, in seconds + 10 minutes
let expiration_time_secs = SystemTime::now()
.duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
.expect("Time went backwards")
.as_secs()
+ 600;
serde_json::json!({
"sender": format!("0x{}", sender),
"sequence_number": seq_num.to_string(),
"max_gas_amount": "1000",
"gas_unit_price": "1",
"gas_currency_code": "XUS",
"expiration_timestamp_secs": expiration_time_secs.to_string(),
"payload": payload,
})
}
/// Converts a transaction request produced by `generate_transaction` into a properly signed transaction, which can then be submitted to the blockchain.
pub fn sign_transaction(
&self,
account_from: &mut Account,
mut txn_request: serde_json::Value,
) -> serde_json::Value {
let res = reqwest::blocking::Client::new()
.post(format!("{}/transactions/signing_message", self.url))
.body(txn_request.to_string())
.send()
.unwrap();
if res.status() != 200 {
assert_eq!(
res.status(),
200,
"{} - {}",
res.text().unwrap_or("".to_string()),
txn_request.as_str().unwrap_or(""),
);
}
let body: serde_json::Value = res.json().unwrap();
let to_sign_hex = Box::new(body.get("message").unwrap().as_str()).unwrap();
let to_sign = hex::decode(&to_sign_hex[2..]).unwrap();
let signature: String = ExpandedSecretKey::from(&account_from.signing_key)
.sign(&to_sign, &PublicKey::from(&account_from.signing_key))
.encode_hex();
let signature_payload = serde_json::json!({
"type": "ed25519_signature",
"public_key": format!("0x{}", account_from.pub_key()),
"signature": format!("0x{}", signature),
});
txn_request
.as_object_mut()
.unwrap()
.insert("signature".to_string(), signature_payload);
txn_request
}
/// Submits a signed transaction to the blockchain.
pub fn submit_transaction(&self, txn_request: &serde_json::Value) -> serde_json::Value {
let res = reqwest::blocking::Client::new()
.post(format!("{}/transactions", self.url))
.body(txn_request.to_string())
.header("Content-Type", "application/json")
.send()
.unwrap();
if res.status() != 202 {
assert_eq!(
res.status(),
202,
"{} - {}",
res.text().unwrap_or("".to_string()),
txn_request.as_str().unwrap_or(""),
);
}
res.json().unwrap()
}
pub fn transaction_pending(&self, transaction_hash: &str) -> bool {
let res = reqwest::blocking::get(format!("{}/transactions/{}", self.url, transaction_hash))
.unwrap();
if res.status() == 404 {
return true;
}
if res.status() != 200 {
assert_eq!(
res.status(),
200,
"{} - {}",
res.text().unwrap_or("".to_string()),
transaction_hash,
);
}
res.json::<serde_json::Value>()
.unwrap()
.get("type")
.unwrap()
.as_str()
.unwrap()
== "pending_transaction"
}
/// Waits up to 10 seconds for a transaction to move past pending state.
pub fn wait_for_transaction(&self, txn_hash: &str) {
let mut count = 0;
while self.transaction_pending(txn_hash) {
assert!(count < 10, "transaction {} timed out", txn_hash);
thread::sleep(Duration::from_secs(1));
count += 1;
}
}
/// Generates a transaction request that can be submitted to produce a raw transaction that can be signed, which upon being signed can be submitted to the blockchain.
pub fn generate_transaction(
&self,
sender: &str,
payload: serde_json::Value,
) -> serde_json::Value {
let account_res = self.account(sender);
let seq_num = account_res
.get("sequence_number")
.unwrap()
.as_str()
.unwrap()
.parse::<u64>()
.unwrap();
// Unix timestamp, in seconds + 10 minutes
let expiration_time_secs = SystemTime::now()
.duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
.expect("Time went backwards")
.as_secs()
+ 600;
serde_json::json!({
"sender": format!("0x{}", sender),
"sequence_number": seq_num.to_string(),
"max_gas_amount": "1000",
"gas_unit_price": "1",
"gas_currency_code": "XUS",
"expiration_timestamp_secs": expiration_time_secs.to_string(),
"payload": payload,
})
}
/// Converts a transaction request produced by `generate_transaction` into a properly signed transaction, which can then be submitted to the blockchain.
pub fn sign_transaction(
&self,
account_from: &mut Account,
mut txn_request: serde_json::Value,
) -> serde_json::Value {
let res = reqwest::blocking::Client::new()
.post(format!("{}/transactions/signing_message", self.url))
.body(txn_request.to_string())
.send()
.unwrap();
if res.status() != 200 {
assert_eq!(
res.status(),
200,
"{} - {}",
res.text().unwrap_or("".to_string()),
txn_request.as_str().unwrap_or(""),
);
}
let body: serde_json::Value = res.json().unwrap();
let to_sign_hex = Box::new(body.get("message").unwrap().as_str()).unwrap();
let to_sign = hex::decode(&to_sign_hex[2..]).unwrap();
let signature: String = ExpandedSecretKey::from(&account_from.signing_key)
.sign(&to_sign, &PublicKey::from(&account_from.signing_key))
.encode_hex();
let signature_payload = serde_json::json!({
"type": "ed25519_signature",
"public_key": format!("0x{}", account_from.pub_key()),
"signature": format!("0x{}", signature),
});
txn_request
.as_object_mut()
.unwrap()
.insert("signature".to_string(), signature_payload);
txn_request
}
/// Submits a signed transaction to the blockchain.
pub fn submit_transaction(&self, txn_request: &serde_json::Value) -> serde_json::Value {
let res = reqwest::blocking::Client::new()
.post(format!("{}/transactions", self.url))
.body(txn_request.to_string())
.header("Content-Type", "application/json")
.send()
.unwrap();
if res.status() != 202 {
assert_eq!(
res.status(),
202,
"{} - {}",
res.text().unwrap_or("".to_string()),
txn_request.as_str().unwrap_or(""),
);
}
res.json().unwrap()
}
pub fn transaction_pending(&self, transaction_hash: &str) -> bool {
let res = reqwest::blocking::get(format!("{}/transactions/{}", self.url, transaction_hash))
.unwrap();
if res.status() == 404 {
return true;
}
if res.status() != 200 {
assert_eq!(
res.status(),
200,
"{} - {}",
res.text().unwrap_or("".to_string()),
transaction_hash,
);
}
res.json::<serde_json::Value>()
.unwrap()
.get("type")
.unwrap()
.as_str()
.unwrap()
== "pending_transaction"
}
/// Waits up to 10 seconds for a transaction to move past pending state.
pub fn wait_for_transaction(&self, txn_hash: &str) {
let mut count = 0;
while self.transaction_pending(txn_hash) {
assert!(count < 10, "transaction {} timed out", txn_hash);
thread::sleep(Duration::from_secs(1));
count += 1;
}
}
/** Generates a transaction request that can be submitted to produce a raw transaction that
can be signed, which upon being signed can be submitted to the blockchain. */
async generateTransaction(sender: string, payload: Record<string, any>): Promise<TxnRequest> {
const account = await this.account(sender);
const seqNum = parseInt(account["sequence_number"]);
return {
"sender": `0x${sender}`,
"sequence_number": seqNum.toString(),
"max_gas_amount": "1000",
"gas_unit_price": "1",
"gas_currency_code": "XUS",
// Unix timestamp, in seconds + 10 minutes
"expiration_timestamp_secs": (Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000) + 600).toString(),
"payload": payload,
};
}
/** Converts a transaction request produced by `generate_transaction` into a properly signed
transaction, which can then be submitted to the blockchain. */
async signTransaction(accountFrom: Account, txnRequest: TxnRequest): Promise<TxnRequest> {
const response = await fetch(`${this.url}/transactions/signing_message`, {
method: "POST",
headers: {"Content-Type": "application/json"},
body: JSON.stringify(txnRequest)
});
if (response.status != 200) {
assert(response.status == 200, (await response.text()) + " - " + JSON.stringify(txnRequest));
}
const result: Record<string, any> & { message: string } = await response.json();
const toSign = Buffer.from(result["message"].substring(2), "hex");
const signature = Nacl.sign(toSign, accountFrom.signingKey.secretKey);
const signatureHex = Buffer.from(signature).toString("hex").slice(0, 128);
txnRequest["signature"] = {
"type": "ed25519_signature",
"public_key": `0x${accountFrom.pubKey()}`,
"signature": `0x${signatureHex}`,
};
return txnRequest;
}
/** Submits a signed transaction to the blockchain. */
async submitTransaction(accountFrom: Account, txnRequest: TxnRequest): Promise<Record<string, any>> {
const response = await fetch(`${this.url}/transactions`, {
method: "POST",
headers: {"Content-Type": "application/json"},
body: JSON.stringify(txnRequest)
});
if (response.status != 202) {
assert(response.status == 202, (await response.text()) + " - " + JSON.stringify(txnRequest));
}
return await response.json();
}
async transactionPending(txnHash: string): Promise<boolean> {
const response = await fetch(`${this.url}/transactions/${txnHash}`, {method: "GET"});
if (response.status == 404) {
return true;
}
if (response.status != 200) {
assert(response.status == 200, await response.text());
}
return (await response.json())["type"] == "pending_transaction";
}
/** Waits up to 10 seconds for a transaction to move past pending state */
async waitForTransaction(txnHash: string) {
let count = 0;
while (await this.transactionPending(txnHash)) {
assert(count < 10);
await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 1000));
count += 1;
if (count >= 10) {
throw new Error(`Waiting for transaction ${txnHash} timed out!`);
}
}
}
Python
Rust
Typescript
def account_balance(self, account_address: str) -> Optional[int]:
"""Returns the test coin balance associated with the account"""
resources = self.account_resources(account_address)
for resource in resources:
if resource["type"] == "0x1::TestCoin::Balance":
return int(resource["data"]["coin"]["value"])
return None
def transfer(self, account_from: Account, recipient: str, amount: int) -> str:
"""Transfer a given coin amount from a given Account to the recipient's account address.
Returns the sequence number of the transaction used to transfer."""
payload = {
"type": "script_function_payload",
"function": "0x1::TestCoin::transfer",
"type_arguments": [],
"arguments": [
f"0x{recipient}",
str(amount),
]
}
txn_request = self.generate_transaction(account_from.address(), payload)
signed_txn = self.sign_transaction(account_from, txn_request)
res = self.submit_transaction(signed_txn)
return str(res["hash"])
/// Returns the test coin balance associated with the account
pub fn account_balance(&self, account_address: &str) -> Option<u64> {
self.account_resources(account_address)
.as_array()
.unwrap()
.iter()
.find(|x| {
x.get("type")
.map(|v| v.as_str().unwrap() == "0x1::TestCoin::Balance".to_string())
.unwrap_or(false)
})
.and_then(|coin| {
coin.get("data")
.unwrap()
.get("coin")
.unwrap()
.get("value")
.unwrap()
.as_str()
.and_then(|s| s.parse::<u64>().ok())
})
}
/// Transfer a given coin amount from a given Account to the recipient's account address.
/// Returns the sequence number of the transaction used to transfer
pub fn transfer(&self, account_from: &mut Account, recipient: